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汉译英过程中需要注意的几个问题

 1、见面问候 

  中国人见面时喜欢问:吃过了吗? Have you had breakfast(lunch, supper)?到哪去?Where are you going?这都不是外国人在见面问候时会问的问题。如果见面就问外国人“到哪里”,人家会以为你要了解人家的私事,对你会产生反感。外国人喜欢问:“你好吗?”这句话可以有不少表达方法,如How are you? How do you do ?How have you been doing? Hello! Hey!等。用哪一句来表达你的问候,取决于你与被问候人的关系密切程度。总之,这一类的问候语,直译可能会让人感到莫名其妙,还是按外国人的习惯翻译较好。

  2、对病人的问候 
中国人喜欢对病人深表同情。但外国人则轻易不愿表现出其弱的一面,对他们表达过分同情的话未必会收到好的效果。例如:中国人在听说一个人生病后可能会说:得知贵体欠佳,深感不安和关切。直译:I was rather disturbed by and concerned about your illness.但这样翻译会使感到病情很重,只能加重病人的顾虑,达不到安慰病人的目的。按照英文的表达习惯,可译为:I am sorry to hear about your illness and wish you a speedy recovery.这样翻译既表达了讲话者的难过心情,又表达了希望病人尽快康复的愿望。

  3、对待他人的表扬和感谢 
在受到表扬或感谢时,中国人往往比较谦虚,会说:“这没什么。”“这是我应该做的。”或者,“哪里,哪里,我还做得很差。”如果直译:It is nothing. This is my duty. This is what I should do. Well, I have not done very well. There is still much to be improved.所有这些谦恭的话,在外国人听起来,都会显得做作。西方人通常会说:It’s my pleasure. 
Thank you for your kind words. I feel flattered.翻译这些话时,宜根据西方的习惯来译。

  4、迎接外宾时 
中国人迎接远道而来的客人时常常会说:“一路上辛苦了。累不累?”You must have been tired after the long flight(journey)而外国人喜欢在别人面前显得年轻、有朝气,不喜欢被人认为体弱,或有疲劳感。因此,上述问候话直译效果不好,可译成: How was the flight? Have you had a pleasant flight?或者You have had a long flight.

  二、不够委婉的语气

有时有人讲话比较直率、唐突,直译可能会使人感到不太客气,甚至会失礼。译员应学习委婉说法,在翻译时把握好语气。但为外交斗争需要而使用针锋相对的语言除外。 
例1 中国可作为贵国资源性产品的稳定市场,同时中国的许多工业产品可满足贵国市场的需要。
直译:Your resource-based products can find a stable market in China and Chinese industrial products can meet the needs of your market.这么直译也许会让人担心,以为我们的工业品要去占领他们的市场。同样的意思可以翻得更客气一些。如:You may find a stable market in China for your primary products and may also get a number of industrial products from China to meet some of your needs.

  例2 我想向大家介绍一下你们所关心的经济问题。 
直译:I wish to talk on China’s economic development in which you are interested. 
这样翻译,显得讲话者太肯定听众会对他所讲内容感兴趣。尽管讲话者知道听众是有兴趣的,但说得客气一点效果更好。可译为:I would like to brief you on China’s economic development, which might be of interest to you.


另外,我们打交道的人大多是上层人士,我们必须学会使用礼貌文雅的语言,否则,会产生距离、反感,从而失去朋友,有损我形象。
1974年,加拿大“白求恩纪念委员会”访华代表团中有一位团员对我接待官员说,我方翻译像警察,原因是那天早晨,翻译到他房间对他说:You have breakfast at 8, get your luggage downstairs at 8:30 and leave here for the airport at 9.OK?语言简单、生硬、不礼貌,给外宾留下了不好的印象。建议对外宾说:Breakfast is at 8. Would you please get your luggage downstairs at 8:30?we are going to leave here for the airport at 9. 
曾有一位女翻译招呼外宾时,大声喊叫“Hello”而不知道说:"Excuse me",在宣布事情时总是:Attention please.而不是说:Ladies and Gentlemen, may I have your attention please.结果一位外宾对此感到不快,说:I don’t want to talk to that wild girl.要人帮忙时,我们时常会说:你能告诉我到×××地方怎么走吗?你能说英语吗? 等。如果英文译成:Can you tell me how to get to……?Can you speak English?那将是很不客气的问话。对方会以为你怀疑他的能力。因为英文字can表示能力。如果改为could,含义就不同了。可以译为:Could you please tell me how to get……? Do you speak English?一个陌生人问你如何去某地时,你很可能传说:“最好坐公共汽车去。”如将这句话译为You’d better take a bus,听起来不够礼貌。因为You’d better……这个句型含有You have a duty to do something,或You have an obligation to…的意思。是一种命令语气,常用于晚辈或下属。因此,这样翻译不够礼貌。这句话有许多客气的表达方法。 
如:I suggest you take a bus. 
It might be better to take a bus. 
Perhaps you might like to take a bus. 
Why not take a bus? 
I think the best way is by bus.


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